What is pragma weak (GCC)?
From this very interesting article about linking of executables I find out
that there exist a #pragma weak foofunction directive. It tells linker to
handle the following function as weakly defined. What it means is that if linker
fails to find definition (implementation) of the function it will skip it and
won't show any errors. In this note I will demonstrate how does it work.
Demo application
Firstly, let's create a simple example to work with:
#pragma weak debug
extern void debug(char*);
void (*debugfunc)(char*) = debug;
int main(){
if(debugfunc){
(*debugfunc)("hello");
}
return 0;
}
At line 2 we define debug function with an extern keyword. That means that
this function can be defined in any of the application source files (or in other
words in any object file). The next line contains pointer (named debugfunc) to
this function.
In the main() in the if-condition we check that if debugfunc have anything
but zero. If it is not zero we call it, otherwise application terminates.
Next, let's create second file with the implementation of debug function. It
is very very simple:
#include "stdio.h"
void debug(char * str){
printf("[DEBUG] %s\n", str);
}
Interesting part
See what happens if we compile main.c only:
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -o app main.c
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ ./app
Nothing =). But if we compile debug.c and then link it together with newly
compiled main.c, then:
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -c main.c
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -c debug.c
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -o app main.o debug.o
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ ./app
[DEBUG] hello
Note that to compile files separately without linking you need to use -c
argument.
In the first case linker couldn't find implementation for debug() and replace it
with zero. Therefore, at all places where we reference debug() we get
zero. As debugfunc pointer points to the debug() and also contains 0 it
isn't called. In the second case linker found implementation for debug() and
treat it as a normal function. In this case debugfunc is pointing to the
debug() (non-zero address in memory) and therefore will be called.
Look inside
Let's look what is really happening in the binaries and if it is true what is described in the previous paragraph. Firstly, let's compile both examples as two separated binaries for further comparison:
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -o app main.o
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ gcc -Wall -o appd main.o debug.o
Next let's look what is the difference between them. With nm utility we can see
that in the first binary there no debug symbol (reference to the function) at
all.
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ nm app | grep debug
0000000000004028 D debugfunc
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ nm appd | grep debug
0000000000001160 T debug
0000000000004030 D debugfunc
Actually, there quite a lot of small discrepancies between two binaries. You can look on the differences with the following command:
andrew at andrew-laptop in /tmp/mainfun
➔ vimdiff <(objdump -d app) <(objdump -d appd)
Disassembly of the main function should be similar to this:
0000000000001119 <main>:
1119: 55 push %rbp
111a: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
111d: 48 8b 05 04 2f 00 00 mov 0x2f04(%rip),%rax # 4028 <debugfunc>
1124: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
1127: 74 10 je 1139 <main+0x20>
1129: 48 8b 05 f8 2e 00 00 mov 0x2ef8(%rip),%rax # 4028 <debugfunc>
1130: 48 8d 3d cd 0e 00 00 lea 0xecd(%rip),%rdi # 2004 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>
1137: ff d0 callq *%rax
1139: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
113e: 5d pop %rbp
113f: c3 retq
The first two instruction are used to save address of the previous stack frame
and switch to the frame local the current function (for more info see [4]).
The third one moves value located at address 0x4028 to the %rax register. This, in
turn, is used in the following test instruction which checks if it is equals
to zero and if so it sets ZF flag to 1 [5]. The next instruction je
jumps to the address 1139 if ZF flag is equal to 1. The 1139 address is the
end of the function (return 0;).
The 0x4028 address is equal to 0x2f04 + %rip (0x1124 - the address of the next instruction). The %rip is used for relative referencing (see [6]).
What is located at address 0x4028? As we know that it is global static variable
it should be somewhere in the .data section. We can find it out with following
command:
➔ objdump -s -j .data app
app: file format elf64-x86-64
Contents of section .data:
4018 00000000 00000000 20400000 00000000 ........ @......
4028 00000000 00000000 ........
As you can see it is all zeros. So, ZF will be 0 and je will jump to 1139.
In opposite case if there was something at 4028 then %rax wasn't zero, ZF was set
to zero and je didn't jump. Even though the second binary has a little bit
different addresses the main() is completely the same.
0000000000001139 <main>:
1139: 55 push %rbp
113a: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
113d: 48 8b 05 ec 2e 00 00 mov 0x2eec(%rip),%rax # 4030 <debugfunc>
1144: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
1147: 74 10 je 1159 <main+0x20>
1149: 48 8b 05 e0 2e 00 00 mov 0x2ee0(%rip),%rax # 4030 <debugfunc>
1150: 48 8d 3d ad 0e 00 00 lea 0xead(%rip),%rdi # 2004 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>
1157: ff d0 callq *%rax
1159: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
115e: 5d pop %rbp
115f: c3 retq
The address of the to which debugfunc points is 0x4030. Again, let's use
objdump to see what is in the .data section:
➔ objdump -s -j .data appd
appd: file format elf64-x86-64
Contents of section .data:
4020 00000000 00000000 28400000 00000000 ........(@......
4030 60110000 00000000 `.......
Thoughts
Personally, I don't think that it is a good approach to base your debugging function on this directive. As initially it was created for backward compatibility and general definition of function in the libraries (function overriding) [2], [3]. But if you are using third party library with weak function you can define your for debugging.
I search through some GNU project and other projects for the use-cases of this
directive. It seems like it is not commonly used. Only in some specific
cases, for example, in pthreadlib and musl-libc. However, I think it is very
convenient and interesting way to disable/enable debugging or development
features. Maybe in future I will find a way how to use it.
